"Raw materials enter the system, more along channels in which they are processed, and leave the system as products. The part of the system are specialized, each one performing one task in the series of receiving, storing, moving, processing, and exporting. The operations are designed to avoid waste, that is, to achieve a maximum transformation of materials and operating parts into product. This is an impersonal sort of order which can occur both in human and non-human materials. It occurs in machines, factories, hospitals, school, one's daily schedule, living quarters, planned cities, entertainment, religious exercises." p. 236
  

This is "an order of measurement and comparison of value. It includes media of measurement--money, time, calories--and values or commodities which are measured by them. Each commodity has a number assigned to it which states its exchange or comparative value and gives it a rank in an order of values. Individuals can construct their own rankings, using the common media of measurement; and the discrepancy among individual rankings leads to exchange."

"Its objective is to transform available resources into maximum product; but 'maximum' here means not maximum quantity but maximum value, and maximum value is indeterminate apart from some way of measuring value. Only after the economic problems of pricing and valuation have been in principle solved does it make sense to talk about a problem of production." p. 236
 
 

This "is an order of interdependence or solidarity. It exists when people engage in joint action, when they share experiences and understand one another. People who constantly share action and experience are interdependent in the sense that a change in one produces an answering change in others; they are constantly adjusting to one another, constantly changing. The parts of an interdependent system fit together and complete each other. Conflict and disjunction are both absent since each would destroy mutuality. In addition the people involved in such a system must each have the same cognitive map of the system, since divergences in maps would lead to conflict or separation in action. Because of the identity of the cognitive map, each action by a part of the system is understood and appreciated by the other parts; it is accepted, supported, and carried to completion. The persons participating in shared action develop both trust and self-assurance because of their mutual support." pp. 236-237
 
 

"The legal order is an order of availability. It determines what resources are available to each legal person, what persons each can count on to perform which actions, what actions each person must perform. Orderliness here consists of a clear and exact assignment of each resource and action to some specific person or persons, and of an exact match between the acts one person expects and the acts other persons are required to perform. When there is no confusion about what each person can do and what he must do, there is legal order." p. 237
 
 

This provides "an order of discussion and decision. Information of various sorts enters the system; it is interpreted, both for its factual implications and for normative connotations; the interpretations give rise to suggestions for action; these suggestions are modified, combined, tested, and narrowed to two or three alternatives; and there is a final choice or compromise. In addition to this more or less temporal sequence, there are provisions for checking and correcting at all stages. Factual reports are checked against observation from different standpoints; inferences are checked against new observations and against counterinferences; action suggestions are modified by countersuggestions. The system is rational if there is adequate provision for gathering and checking information, adequate provision for inventing and checking suggestions, and adequate procedures for combining suggestions into a decision. 'Adequacy' here means effectiveness in dealing with the problems facing the system." pp. 237-238